Our bee keepers at Diggin' Livin' harvest their propolis from paint-free natural equipment. Hand harvested, they seek only the finest grades of propolis, rich in resins. Absolutely wonderful for combating any kind of infection, topical or internal. They recommend it for dental issues, bacterial and viral outbreaks, and skin conditions. Their hives reside in proximity to rich riparian forests with abundant Black Cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa), the principal plant species responsible for the propolis in this region, as well as a myriad of other resin and wax rich species (Quercus, Pinus, Fraxinus, etc.). Their tincture is made with 95% organic ethanol to ensure a potent extraction of this difficult to handle resin.